%0 Journal Article %A Ballantyne, K. N. %A Ralf, A. %A Aboukhalid, R. %A Achakzai, N. M. %A Anjos, M. J. %A Ayub, Q. %A Balažic, J. %A Ballantyne, J. %A Ballard, D. J. %A Berger, B. %A Bobillo, C. %A Bouabdellah, M. %A Burri, H. %A Capal, T. %A Caratti, S. %A Cárdenas, J. %A Cartault, F. %A Carvalho, E. F. %A Carvalho, M. %A Cheng, B. %A Coble, M. D. %A Comas, D. %A Corach, D. %A D'Amato, M. E. %A Davison, S. %A de Knijff, P. %A De Ungria, M. C. %A Decorte, R. %A Dobosz, T. %A Dupuy, B. M. %A Elmrghni, S. %A Gliwiński, M. %A Gomes, S. C. %A Grol, L. %A Haas, C. %A Hanson, E. %A Henke, J. %A Henke, L. %A Herrera-Rodríguez, F. %A Hill, C. R. %A Holmlund, G. %A Honda, K. %A Immel, U. D. %A Inokuchi, S. %A Jobling, Mark A. %A Kaddura, M. %A Kim, J. S. %A Kim, S. H. %A Kim, W. %A King, Turi Emma %A Klausriegler, E. %A Kling, D. %A Kovačević, L. %A Kovatsi, L. %A Krajewski, P. %A Kravchenko, S. %A Larmuseau, M. H. %A Lee, E. Y. %A Lessig, R. %A Livshits, L. A. %A Marjanović, D. %A Minarik, M. %A Mizuno, N. %A Moreira, H. %A Morling, N. %A Mukherjee, M. %A Munier, P. %A Nagaraju, J. %A Neuhuber, F. %A Nie, S. %A Nilasitsataporn, P. %A Nishi, T. %A Oh, H. H. %A Olofsson, J. %A Onofri, V. %A Palo, J. U. %A Pamjav, H. %A Parson, W. %A Petlach, M. %A Phillips, C. %A Ploski, R. %A Prasad, S. P. %A Primorac, D. %A Purnomo, G. A. %A Purps, J. %A Rangel-Villalobos, H. %A Rębała, K. %A Rerkamnuaychoke, B. %A Gonzalez, D. R. %A Robino, C. %A Roewer, L. %A Rosa, A. %A Sajantila, A. %A Sala, A. %A Salvador, J. M. %A Sanz, P. %A Schmitt, C. %A Sharma, A. K. %A Silva, D. A. %A Shin, K. J. %A Sijen, T. %A Sirker, M. %A Siváková, D. %A Skaro, V. %A Solano-Matamoros, C. %A Souto, L. %A Stenzl, V. %A Sudoyo, H. %A Syndercombe-Court, D. %A Tagliabracci, A. %A Taylor, D. %A Tillmar, A. %A Tsybovsky, I. S. %A Tyler-Smith, C. %A van der Gaag, K. J. %A Vanek, D. %A Völgyi, A. %A Ward, D. %A Willemse, P. %A Yap, E. P. %A Yong, R. Y. %A Pajnič, I. Z. %A Kayser, M. %D 2016 %T Toward male individualization with rapidly mutating y-chromosomal short tandem repeats. %U https://figshare.le.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Toward_male_individualization_with_rapidly_mutating_y-chromosomal_short_tandem_repeats_/10165952 %2 https://figshare.le.ac.uk/ndownloader/files/18321071 %K RM Y-STRs %K Y-STRs %K Y-chromosome %K forensic %K haplotypes %K paternal lineage %K Africa %K Alleles %K Americas %K Asia %K Chromosomes, Human, Y %K DNA Fingerprinting %K Europe %K Gene Frequency %K Genetic Variation %K Genetics, Population %K Haplotypes %K Humans %K Male %K Microsatellite Repeats %K Paternity %K Pedigree %K Rural Population %K Urban Population %X Relevant for various areas of human genetics, Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are commonly used for testing close paternal relationships among individuals and populations, and for male lineage identification. However, even the widely used 17-loci Yfiler set cannot resolve individuals and populations completely. Here, 52 centers generated quality-controlled data of 13 rapidly mutating (RM) Y-STRs in 14,644 related and unrelated males from 111 worldwide populations. Strikingly, >99% of the 12,272 unrelated males were completely individualized. Haplotype diversity was extremely high (global: 0.9999985, regional: 0.99836-0.9999988). Haplotype sharing between populations was almost absent except for six (0.05%) of the 12,156 haplotypes. Haplotype sharing within populations was generally rare (0.8% nonunique haplotypes), significantly lower in urban (0.9%) than rural (2.1%) and highest in endogamous groups (14.3%). Analysis of molecular variance revealed 99.98% of variation within populations, 0.018% among populations within groups, and 0.002% among groups. Of the 2,372 newly and 156 previously typed male relative pairs, 29% were differentiated including 27% of the 2,378 father-son pairs. Relative to Yfiler, haplotype diversity was increased in 86% of the populations tested and overall male relative differentiation was raised by 23.5%. Our study demonstrates the value of RM Y-STRs in identifying and separating unrelated and related males and provides a reference database. %I University of Leicester