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Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis
Version 2 2021-01-18, 17:08
Version 1 2020-04-16, 13:47
journal contribution
posted on 2021-01-18, 17:08 authored by Elpida Vounzoulaki, Kamlesh Khunti, Sophia Abner, Bee Tan, Melanie Davies, Clare GilliesObjective To estimate and compare progression rates to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy controls.
Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Data sources Medline and Embase between January 2000 and December 2019, studies published in English and conducted on humans.
Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Observational studies investigating progression to T2DM. Inclusion criteria were postpartum follow-up for at least 12 months, incident physician based diagnosis of diabetes, T2DM reported as a separate outcome rather than combined with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, and studies with both a group of patients with GDM and a control group.
Results This meta-analysis of 20 studies assessed a total of 1 332 373 individuals (67 956 women with GDM and 1 264 417 controls). Data were pooled by random effects meta-analysis models, and heterogeneity was assessed by use of the I2 statistic. The pooled relative risk for the incidence of T2DM between participants with GDM and controls was estimated. Reasons for heterogeneity between studies were investigated by prespecified subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and, overall, studies were deemed to have a low risk of bias (P=0.58 and P=0.90). The overall relative risk for T2DM was almost 10 times higher in women with previous GDM than in healthy controls (9.51, 95% confidence interval 7.14 to 12.67, P<0.001). In populations of women with previous GDM, the cumulative incidence of T2DM was 16.46% (95% confidence interval 16.16% to 16.77%) in women of mixed ethnicity, 15.58% (13.30% to 17.86%) in a predominantly non-white population, and 9.91% (9.39% to 10.42%) in a white population. These differences were not statistically significant between subgroups (white v mixed populations, P=0.26; white v non-white populations, P=0.54). Meta-regression analyses showed that the study effect size was not significantly associated with mean study age, body mass index, publication year, and length of follow-up.
Conclusions Women with a history of GDM appear to have a nearly 10-fold higher risk of developing T2DM than those with a normoglycaemic pregnancy. The magnitude of this risk highlights the importance of intervening to prevent the onset of T2DM, particularly in the early years after pregnancy.
History
Citation
BMJ 2020;369:m1361Author affiliation
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences; Diabetes Research CentreVersion
- VoR (Version of Record)
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BMJ: British Medical JournalVolume
369Publisher
BMJ Publishing Groupissn
0959-535XAcceptance date
2020-03-24Copyright date
2020Available date
2020-05-13Publisher DOI
Notes
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enPublisher version
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